An excess of Carbohydrates: in the diet not only acts as a fat-sparer, but also increases the Fat: in the fat stores.
Reference: Textbook of Medical Physiology, pg. 871, Arthur C. Guyton, John E. Hall, W B Saunders Co., January 15, 1996, ISBN: 0721659446.Eicosanoids: (also see Prostaglandins, Essential Fatty Acids and Parent Essential Oils)
Essential Fatty Acids (EFAs) or Parent Essential Oils (PEOs): (also see Disease, Cancer, Cells, Cholesterol, Heart Disease, Energy, Diets, Eicosanoids, Parent Essential Oils, Deficiency, Fish Oil and Nerves)
Endocrine system:(see Pancreas)
Energy: (also see Butter, Fat, Essential Fatty Acids and Parent Essential Oils)
Enzymes: (also see Milk or Lactose)
Essiac®: (also see Herbs)
Exercise: (also see Metabolism)
Eicosanoids: (also see Prostaglandins, Essential Fatty Acids and Parent Essential Oils)
EFAs / PEOs produce prostaglandins:
Prostaglandins help keep blood platelets apart, avoiding dangerous blood clots. Prostaglandins help to support a healthy cardiovascular system because of this.
Reference: Fats That Heal, Fats That Kill, Udo Erasmus, Alive Books, 01 January, 1999, ISBN: 0920470386.EFAs / PEOs and heart disease:
Researchers have found that both GLA (Omega-6 derivative) and EPA (Omega-3 derivative) can effectively lower blood cholesterol and other lipid risk factors for cardiovascular disease (1, 2). EFAs may also help prevent coronary heart disease because their Eicosanoid products can decrease platelet aggregation and relax vascular smooth muscle (3, 4).
References:
1. Harris WS. Fish oils and plasma lipid and lipoprotein metabolism in humans: a critical review. J Lipid Res 30(6):785-807, 1989.
2. Chaintreuil J, et al. Effects of dietary gamma-linolenate supplementation on serum lipids and platelet function in insulin-dependent diabetic patients. Hum Nutr Clin Nutr 38:121-130, 1984.
3. Karmazyn M,et al. The mechanism of coronary artery spasm: foles of oxygen , prostaglandins, sex hormones and smoking. Med Hypoth 5:447-452, 1979.
4. Vericel E, et al. Effects of Linoleic Acid and Gamma Linolenic Acid intake on platelet function in elderly people. Thromb Res 42:499-509, 1986.
Essential Fatty Acids (EFAs) or Parent Essential Oils (PEOs): (also see Disease, Cancer, Cells, Cholesterol, Heart Disease, Energy, Diets, Eisonanoids, Parent Essential Oils, Deficiency, Fish Oil and Nerves)
Click here for "The Scientific Calculation of the Optimum Parent Omega-6/3 Ratio"Definition:
Omega-6: LA – Linoleic Acid, (parent EFA) body uses primarily parent and makes the derivatives it requires as needed: GLA, DGLA, AA. Type of oil: polyunsaturated. Sources: safflower, sunflower, corn.
Omega-3: ALA – Alpha Linolenic Acid, (parent EFA) body uses primarily parent and makes the derivatives it requires as needed: SDA, EPA, DHA. Type or oil: super-unsaturated. Sources: flax, hemp (fish is also a source of Omega-3, but it is mostly derivative based and not the ideal form for what your body needs).
Proper EFA radio range: "Parent" Omega-6 to "Parent" Omega-3 = 1:1 to 4:1
Advice: EFA supplements that contain derivatives and NOT parent oils, such as fish oil, krill oil, and those mechanically turned to derivatives, cannot be guaranteed to be used by your body as needed. Fish Oil supplements is a perfect example, containing mostly derivatives and very little parent oils, and virtually no Omega-6. Your body needs the parent oils as much as it does the derivatives, and it will make any derivatives it needs from the parent oils. When you look at the ingredients of an EFA supplement, and it contains a huge list of derivative information (GLA, CLA, EPA, DHA), don't buy it. It's not going to give your body what it needs.
Anachidonic Acid is the 3rd EFA which is non-essential.
Reference: Stephen B. Edelson, M.D., F.A.A.F.P.,F.A.A.E.M. The Edelson Center for Environmental and Preventive Medicine.WARNING: Popular health writers and nutritionists do NOT understand the difference between "parent" and derivative EFAs! They also don't take into consideration that most if not all foods contain damaged Omega-6 EFAs. These damaged EFAs are Trans-Fats and Hydrogenated Oils.
*IMPORTANT: The parent form of EFAs cannot be manufactured by your body; however, the derivatives can. Fish oil consists of ONLY Omega-3 derivatives. Your body makes the needed derivatives from the parent EFAs, automatically “as needed.” But it does not make the Parent from the derivatives. The body uses 95% of the Parent form and only about 5% of the derivatives, so overloading on derivatives, as in fish oil, can cause great harm. You will be deprived of the Parent form of Omega-3 as well as the vital, unadulterated Parent Omega-6 EFAs.
EFAs / PEOs are fundamental to proper nutrition. Our bodies use EFAs as the building blocks for cellular growth, which plays a central role in feeling, looking, and performing well. Your body can’t make EFAs; they must come from the food you eat or from nutritional supplements.
References: Biochemistry and Disease, Basic Medical Biochemistry Fatty Acid Trafficking and Transcriptional Control of Genes Regulating Fatty Acid Transport and Metabolism.
Omega-6 - borage oil, evening primrose oil, and black currant oil have been prescribed for a variety of conditions, including cancer, premenstrual syndrome, cystic fibrosis, irritable bowel syndrome and many skin conditions.
Reference: Enig, Mary G., Know Your Fats, (Silver Spring, Bethesda Press, 2000). and Horrobin, David F., The regulation of prostaglandin biosynthesis by manipulation of essential fatty acid metabolism. Reviews in Pure and Applied Pharmacological Sciences, Vol. 4, pp 339-383, Freund Publishing House, 1983.
“We know that EFAs support heart health.”
Reference: 2002 EFA Conference, Shanghai, China.
Fatty acids (EFAs / PEOs) and higher lipids are essential to the structure and function of cells and organisms. These compounds include structural components of biological membranes, mediators of signal transduction and transcription, and physiological regulators. Fatty acids are also the preferred energy source for the heart and it is estimated that circulating long chain fatty acids provide 60-70% of the cardiac energy requirements. Current evidence indicates that several classes of conserved transport proteins, enzymes, and transcription factors participate in fatty acid metabolism and gene regulation. Using yeast and bacterial model systems, the proteins involved in fatty acid transport, activation, and transcriptional control are being defined at genetic, functional, and structural levels. These investigations include identification of unique genes and proteins using molecular genetics; characterization of mammalian gene expression in yeast and bacteria; and biochemical analysis of protein structure and function. This work will result in a better understanding of how lipid metabolism is coordinated to meet the nutritional, structural, and regulatory needs of cells and tissues. It provides a foundation for understanding and treating diseases resulting from deficiencies in fatty acid and lipid metabolism including arteriosclerosis, cardiomyopathies, obesity, and diabetes.
Reference: Laboratories:Paul N. Black, B.S., Ph.D. Professor, Education:B.S. from Colorado State University in 1978 Ph.D. from University of Vermont in 1983.
Reference: Concetta C. DiRusso, Ph.D. Professor Education: Ph.D. from University of Vermont in 1982.EFAs / PEOs and cellular oxygen transfer (key to resisting cancer cell development):
“Essential fatty acids [EFAs] are found in the structural lipids of the cell… and are concerned with the structural integrity of the mitochondrial membrane [respiratory-based energy producing].”
Reference: Harper’s Illustrated Biochemistry, 26th edition, page 191.
EFA conversion inhibited:
Bad fats [trans-fats], lack of minerals, lack of vitamins B3, B6, C, E, viruses, obesity, diabetes, aging, and rare genetic mutations can inhibit Omega-6 conversion.
Reference: Stephen B. Edelson, M.D., F.A.A.F.P., F.A.A.E.M. The Edelson Center.
EFAs / PEOs and cholesterol levels:
Essential Fatty Acids naturally decrease blood cholesterol levels.
Reference: Textbook of Medical Physiology, Arthur C. Guyton, John E. Hall, W B Saunders Co., pg. 873.
EFAs / PEOs and cancer:
Omega-3 fights colon cancer in laboratory studies, according to graduate student Abgela Jordan and colleagues at J.W. Goethe University, Frankfort Germany. “The growth inhibitory effect was most prominent in rapidly proliferating [cancer] cells. They seemed especially effective against COLO-320, the most aggressive of the two cancer cell lines, halting all growth within 72 hours of exposure. This inhibitory effect appears to stem from ‘both growth arrest and apostasies [death of cells].”
Reference: Reuters Health, May 24, 1999.EFAs / PEOs and the brain:
Brain synapses have higher levels of DHA (Omega-3 EFA) than most tissues.
Reference: Nutrition and the Brain, Vol. 8, 1990:2.EFAs / PEOs help ADD:
Purdue University conducted a study which was published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. About 40% of children with ADD had deficiencies of EFAs as measured in their blood.Parent Omega-6 (LA) EFAs aren't simply absorbed, but metabolize by skin:
When EFA oils are applied to the skin “…there was penetration and incorporation of their (EFAs) constituent fatty acids, into structural lipid of the epidermis. As the oils were triglyceride forms of the fatty acids, it is clear that they were actually metabolized by the skin…” “…the applied oil is metabolized by the skin and Linolenic Acid (Omega-6) is incorporated into structural lipid.” What this means is that used topically, the skin actually metabolizes EFAs.
Reference: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 64:228-234, 1975, Vol. 64, No. 4, Colin Prottey, PhD., Peter J. Hartop, S.S.c., and Martin Press, F.R.C.P., The William and Wilkins Company.It is important to note that there is NO Omega-3 in skin tissue. (see Ratio of Tissue Composition chart above).
Energy: (also see Butter, Fat, Essential Fatty Acids and Parent Essential Oils)
High-energy fuel: 1 gram of fat produces 2.5-times as much energy as 1 gram of carbs.
Carbohydrates stop you from using the best fuel available, the fat stored in your own body.
Reference: Textbook of Medical Physiology, Arthur C. Guyton, John E. Hall, W B Saunders Co., January 15, 1996, ISBN: 0721659446.Real butter and energy:
Butter is used directly for energy.
Reference: Textbook of Medical Physiology, Arthur C. Guyton, John E. Hall, W B Saunders Co., pg. 843.
Enzymes: (see Milk or Lactose)
Enzymes and digestion (protein/carbs):
Carbs are largely broken down when chewed. Protein digestion takes place in the system. If not enough protein is consumed in the diet this causes the enzymes needed for its digestion to be depleted. This is why a vegetarian has trouble digesting protein. Slowly introducing meat back into their diets will replenish these digestive enzymes.Reference for below chart: Dr. Barry Groves PhD: http://www.second-opinions.co.uk/carn_herb_comparison4.html
An enzyme called alpha-amylase initiates starch digestion by breaking down starch (complex carbohydrates) into sugars. This release of sugar alters the taste of food.
Digestive enzymes:
• Lactase ·digests lactose (milk sugar) into glucose and galactose
• Maltase ·digests maltose to glucose
• Amylase* ·digests starch (complex carbohydrates) to glucose
• Invertase ·digests sucrose (table sugar) to glucose and fructose
• Proteases ·digest protein into free amino acids
• Lipases ·digest dietary fat to a variety of end products
References:
1. Biology of Microorganisms, Brock, T.D. and Madigan, M.T., Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1988.pp 383, 396-399.
2. Schauf, C., Moffett, D. and Moffett, S. (1990) Human Physiology: Foundations and Frontiers (ed. Allen, D., Times Mirror/Mosby College Publishing, St. Louis) Chapters 21 and 22.
Essiac®:
(An herbal cleansing blend) consists of four herbs that grow in the wilderness of Ontario, Canada. The original formula has its roots in native Canadian Ojibwa medicine. The four main herbs that make up Essiac® are Burdock Root, Slippery Elm Bark, Sheep Sorrel and Indian Rhubarb Root. These four herbs may help normalize body systems by helping cleanse the blood and purge toxic build up. This formulation has been successfully used in alternative cancer treatments. Essiac® is a product of Resperin Corporation.
Essiac® and Cancer:
In 1937, John Wolfer, M.D., director of the tumor clinic at Northwestern University Medical School, treated 30 terminal cancer patients at their clinic. At the end of a year of treatment, a panel of 5 physicians at Northwestern wrote: “Essiac® prolonged life, shrank tumors, and relieved pain.”
Reference: Reclaiming Our Health, John Robbins, H.J. Kramer, Inc., POB 1082, Triburon, CA, 1998, page 271.Dr. Charles A Brusch, President Kennedy's personal family physician in Cambridge, Mass., administered [Essiac™] to patients and attributed the successful treatment of his own cancer to it.
Reference: The Essiac Report, by Richard Tomas, Alternative Treatment Information Network, Los Angeles, CA, 1993, pg. 34, Appendix-Exhibit 4.The Herbs of Essiac®:
Burdock Root – This herb is rich in vitamins B-complex and E. It also includes the trace minerals: potassium, phosphorous, chromium, cobalt, iron, magnesium, silicon, zinc, and sodium. Burdock Root increases circulation to the skin and helps cleanse the epidermal tissues. It has also been reported to destroy bacteria and fungus cultures. Anti-tumor properties have also been noted. At Nagoya University in Japan, researchers found that this root helps reduce cell mutations. Burdock Root is known as a “blood purifier.” It helps eliminate toxins from the blood and lymphatic system. It is also reported to be beneficial to the respiratory and urinary systems. The liver, gall bladder, kidneys, and digestive system all benefit from its properties. It also helps with the elimination if excess fluids and the regulation of sugar.
Sheep Sorrel – This herb is rich in vitamin A, B-complex, C, D, K, and E. It’s minerals include significant levels of calcium, iron, magnesium, silicon, sulphur, zinc, manganese, iodine, and copper. This herb has been reported to aid in a wide variety of skin disorders as well as assisting in the destruction of tumors and easing some digestive disorders. Vitamin A strengthens the immune system by aiding in production of white blood cells. White blood cells attack many of the body’s harmful intruders including cancer. Sheep sorrel is also rich in chlorophyll. Chlorophyll increases oxygen content in the blood. High blood oxygen can increase the body’s action against many invasive conditions like cancer. This herb is also rich in potassium oxalate, which aids in digestion and has been shown to strengthen the immune system.
Slippery Elm Bark – This herb is a natural antibiotic and has exceptional cleansing properties. It coats and lubricates the artery wall, which helps blood flow and can protect against heart disease. It has also been shown to protect membrane linings in the joints and can provide relief of inflamed areas.
Turkish Rhubarb Root – This herb has been used in China for more than 2,000 years. It has very impressive detoxifying properties, especially in the liver. This herb also has antibiotic, anti-microbial, and anti-tumor properties.Reference for above Herb summaries: The Essence of Vitality and Radiant Health, 1996, 2001, Dynamic Publishing.
Exercise: (see Metabolism)
Carbs and exercise:
Reasonable exercise helps raise basal metabolic rate (BMR) and therefore the rate of ‘burning’ energy. But remember, it takes a lot of exercise to burn off a significant amount of calories, and if you have any carbohydrate before or after vigorous exercise, the resulting insulin response will effectively block any fat loss.
Reference: Textbook of Medical Physiology, pg 871, Arthur C. Guyton, John E. Hall, W B Saunders Co., January 15, 1996, ISBN: 0721659446.
Body fat burning:
Only under extreme physical exercise does a muscle use glucose. Most of the time, muscle membrane is only slightly permeable (open) to glucose.
Reference: Textbook of Medical Physiology, pg. 973, Arthur C. Guyton, John E. Hall, W B Saunders Co., January 15, 1996, ISBN: 0721659446.
For a real endurance event, one can expect fat to supply more than 50% of the required energy after about the first 3 to 4 hours. The body starts off using mainly glucose/glycogen for energy and only gradually shifts to increased fat-burning (this is why it’s very beneficial to avoid carbohydrates before exercise when attempting to reduce body fat.)
Reference: Textbook of Medical Physiology, pg. 871, Arthur C. Guyton, John E. Hall, W B Saunders Co., January 15, 1996, ISBN: 0721659446.“…thus an excess of Carbohydrates: in the diet not only acts as a fat-sparer, but also increases the Fat in the fat stores. In fact, all the excess carbohydrates not used for energy or stored in the small glycogen deposits of the body (less than one teaspoon worth) are converted to fat and stored as such.”
Reference: Textbook of Medical Physiology, pg. 871, Arthur C. Guyton, John E. Hall, W B Saunders Co., January 15, 1996, ISBN: 0721659446.
Growth hormone:
Growth hormone increases protein syntheses in all cells of the tissue, and increases use of fatty acids (coming from excess body fat) for energy. Glucose utilization is decreased, which means we burn stored body fat while exercising.
Reference: Textbook of Medical Physiology, pg. 936, Arthur C. Guyton, John E. Hall, W B Saunders Co., January 15, 1996, ISBN: 0721659446.
Fat storage and bloating:
The more glycogen you store, the more bloated you become. Every single pound of excess glycogen adds three pounds of water.
Reference: Nutrition For Fitness & Sport, pg. 106, Melvin H. Williams, WCB/McGraw-Hill, January, 1995, ISBN: 0697101452.
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