It
is estimated that an infant exclusively fed soy formula receives the
estrogenic equivalent (based of body weight) of at least 5 birth control
pills per day.
Click
Here for Reference
Pancreas:
(also see Diabetes)
Prions:(see Disease)
Polycystic Ovary Disorder
Pregnancy/Infant Development
Protein
Prostaglandins:
(also see Essential Fatty Acids)
Pancreas: (see
Diabetes)
Insulin stops fat burning:
It is now known that insulin instructs the body not to burn stored fat.
So there is a compound effect from consuming excess carbohydrates: sugar
is converted into new fat and existing fat is not metabolized.
Reference: Textbook of Medical Physiology, pg. 936, Arthur C. Guyton,
John E. Hall, W B Saunders Co., January 15, 1996, ISBN: 0721659446.
Structure of pancreas & pancreatic system:
99% of the pancreas is devoted to handling the digestion of fats and
protein while only 1% is devoted to handling sugar. Reference:
Scientific Foundations of Biochemistry in Clinical Practice, David
L. Williams, Vincent Marks, Butterworth-Heinemann, September
1994, ISBN: 0750601671
The system
responsible for Pancreatic Insulin release is called the endocrine system.The
cells of the pancreas are called the islets of langerhans - these produce
Insulin.They make and secrete hormones that help the body break down
and use food. Named after Paul Langerhans, the German scientist who
discovered them in 1869, these cells sit in clusters in the pancreas.
There are five types of cells in an islet:beta cells, which make insulin;
alpha cells, which make glucagon; delta cells, which make somatostaton;
and PP cells and D1 cells, about which little is known. References:
Mabley, J. G., Belin, V. D., John, N. E., Green, I. C. (1997) Insulin-like
growth factor I reverses interleukin-1 inhibition of insulin secretion,
induction of nitric oxide synthase and cytokine-mediated apoptosis in
rat islets of Langerhans. FEBS Letters 417, 235-238
References: Belin, V. D., Mabley, J. G., James, R. L. F., Swift, S.
M., Clayton, H. A., Titheradge, M. A., Green, I. C. (1999) Glucagon
decreases cytokine induction of nitric oxide synthase and action on
insulin secretion in RIN5F cells and rat and human islets of Langerhans.
Cytokine11, 585-592
Overworking the pancreas:
Complex carbs, having increased pancreas workload: Reference:
Dutto, S.K. and Hlasko, J. (1985). Dietary fibre in pancreatic disease:
effect of high fibre diet on fat mal absorption in pancreatic insufficiency
and in vitro study of the interaction of dietary fibre with pancreatic
enzymes. Amer J Clin Nutr, 41, 517-525.
Reference: Moser, E. (1989). Fibre types and their physiologic
effects, In Dietary Fibre: Chemical and Biological Aspects, (ed. D.A.
T. Southgate, K. Waldron, I.T. Johnson and G.R. Fenwick), pp.91-102.
Royal Society of Chemistry, Special Publication No. 83.
Carbs raise insulin levels:
Insulin levels will reach 10 – 25 times above normal to get rid
of the excess glucose (sugar), and continue to stay elevated even 2
to 3 hours after the time carbohydrates are eaten. Reference:
Textbook of Medical Physiology, pg. 977, Arthur C. Guyton, John E. Hall,
W B Saunders Co., January 15, 1996, ISBN: 0721659446.
Cholesterol and insulin:
Excess insulin stimulates overproduction of Cholesterol: leading to
elevated blood levels. It reduces the elasticity of arterial walls,
increasing the risk of plaque formation, and causes the kidneys to increase
salt and fluid retention – all of which increase blood pressure
and heighten risk of heart disease and stroke. Reference:
American Diabetes Association's 59th Annual Scientific Sessions, June
1999. And Basic Medical Biochemistry, pgs 25, 26, 475, 512, 566, Dawn
B. Marks, Allan D. Marks, Colleen M. Smith, Lippincott, Williams
& Wilkins, August, 1996, ISBN: 068305595X.
Diabetes and vitamins:
Vitamins impaired by diabetes. "Evidence that diabetes millitus
favors impaired metabolism of zinc, copper, and selenium in chronic
pancreatitis," Reference: Pancreas 2001 Apr;
22(3):299-306, J. Diabetes Complications 2001 Mar-Apr;15(2)97-102, "Effects
of diabetes on vitamin B6 requirement in experimental animals,"
Diabetes Obes Metab 1999 Jul;1(4):221-5.
Polycystic Ovary Disorder:
Polycystic ovary disorder [becoming rampant in young women] associated
with insulin resistance [result of overeating carbohydrates and trans
fats]. References: Harrison’s Principles of
Internal Medicine, 13th Edition. Eugene Braunwald M.D., Anthony
S. Fauci M.D., Dennis L. Kasper M.D., Stephen L. Hauser M.D., Dan L.
Longo M.D., J. Larry Jameson M.D., McGraw-Hill Professional, 16
February, 2001, ISBN: 0070072728
Pregnancy/Infant Development:
Research has shown that omega-3 fatty acids are crucial for normal development
(1). If the mother is deficient in omega-3s then the nursing infant
is going to be deficient, which means the child's nervous and immune
systems may not develop fully. A study at the Mayo Clinic found
that of 19 pregnant women eating a standard American diet, all 19 were
deficient in omega-3 fatty acids (2).
References:
1. Simopoulous AP. Omega-3 fatty acids in health and disease and
in growth and development. Am J Clin Nutr 54:438-463, 1991.
2. Holman R, et al. Deficiency of EFAs and membrane fluidity during
pregnancy and lactation. Biochem Nat Acad Sci 88:4835-4839, 1991.
Soy
and Infants:
It is estimated
that an infant exclusively fed soy formula receives the estrogenic equivalent
(based of body weight) of at least 5 birth control pills per day. Reference:
Irvine, C. et al., "The Potential Adverse Effects of Soybean Phytoestrogens
in Infant Feeding", New Zealand Medical Journal May 24, 1995, p.
318.
…18%
higher incidence in autoimmune thyroid disease in infants who are fed
soy
formula. Reference: J Am Coll Nutr 1990, Apr; 9(2):
164-167
[Dietary fat] is a required nutrient for an infant's brain and nerve
development. Compared to breast-fed infants, infants who were fed hydrolyzed
soy (processed) protein showed significant reduced growth in weight
and length, as well as total blood protein. Reference:
Acta Paediatr Suppl, Sept. 1994; 402: 100-104, and Eur J Clin Nutr,
Sept. 1995; 49 Suppl 1: S26-38
Soy-based infant products often contain double the amount of protein
supplied by mother's milk. (This is not good - the baby is supposed
to get fats, not excessive protein.) Soy formula is clearly not a proper
"substitute" Reference: Adv
Exp Med Biol, 1991; 289: 389-402
Soy contains
goitrogens – substances that depress thyroid function. Soy based
formula can cause thyroid problems in babies. Soy stunts the growth
and sexual development of male babies and children. The trypsin inhibitors
and harmogglutinin in soy are growth inhibitors. Females who consumed
soy milk as infants, have been shown to begin sexual development as
early as 3 years old. Other sexual complications may develop later in
life. References: Hagger, C. and J. Bachevalier,
"Visual habit formation in 3-month-old monkeys (Macaca mulatta):
reversal of sex difference following neonatal manipulations of androgen",
Behavior and Brain Research (1991) 45:57-63.
References: Ross, R.K. et al., "Effect of in-utero
exposure to diethylstilbestrol on age at onset of puberty and on post-pubertal
hormone levels in boys", Canadian Medical Association Journal 128(10):1197-8,
May 15, 1983.
Click
here for Visual Aid
Essential Fatty Acids (EFAs) and higher lipids are
essential to the structure and function of cells and organisms.
These compounds include structural components of biological membranes,
mediators of signal transduction and transcription, and physiological
regulators. Fatty acids are also the preferred energy source
for the heart and it is estimated that circulating long chain fatty
acids provide 60-70% of the cardiac energy requirements. Current
evidence indicates that several classes of conserved transport
proteins, enzymes, and transcription factors participate in fatty acid
metabolism and gene regulation. Using yeast and bacterial model systems,
the proteins involved in fatty acid transport, activation, and transcriptional
control are being defined at genetic, functional, and structural levels.
These investigations include identification of unique genes and proteins
using molecular genetics; characterization of mammalian gene expression
in yeast and bacteria; and biochemical analysis of protein structure
and function. This work will result in a better understanding of how
lipid metabolism is coordinated to meet the nutritional, structural,
and regulatory needs of cells and tissues. It provides a foundation
for understanding and treating diseases resulting from deficiencies
in fatty acid and lipid metabolism including arteriosclerosis, cardiomyopathies,
obesity, and diabetes. Reference: Laboratories:Paul
N. Black, B.S., Ph.D.Professor, Education:B.S. from Colorado State University
in 1978 Ph.D. from University of Vermont in 1983.
Reference: Concetta C. DiRusso, Ph.D.Professor Education: Ph.D. from
University of Vermont in 1982
Prions: (see Disease)
Prions are
a microscopic protein particle similar to a virus but lacking nucleic
acid, thought to be the infectious agent responsible for Scrapie (a
livestock disease) and certain other degenerative diseases of the nervous
system.
Prostaglandins:
(see Essential Fatty Acids)
EFAs produce prostaglandins:
Prostaglandins help keep blood platelets apart, avoiding dangerous blood
clots. Prostaglandins help to support a healthy cardiovascular system
because of this. References: Fats That Heal, Fats
That Kill, Udo Erasmus, Alive Books, 01 January, 1999,
ISBN: 0920470386
EFAs
and heart disease:
Researchers have found that both GLA (omega-6) and EPA (omega-3) can
effectively lower blood cholesterol and other lipid risk factors for
cardiovascular disease (1, 2). EFAs may also help prevent coronary
heart disease because their eicosanoid products can decrease platelet
aggregation and relax vascular smooth muscle (3, 4).
References:
1. Harris WS. Fish oils and plasma lipid and lipoprotein metabolism
in humans: a critical review. J Lipid Res 30(6):785-807, 1989.
2. Chaintreuil J, et al. Effects of dietary gamma-linolenate supplementation
on serum lipids and platelet function in insulin-dependent diabetic
patients. Hum Nutr Clin Nutr 38:121-130, 1984.
3. Karmazyn M,et al. The mechanism of coronary artery spasm: foles
of oxygen , prostaglandins, sex hormones and smoking. Med Hypoth
5:447-452, 1979.
4. Vericel E, et al. Effects of linoleic acid and gamma-linolenic
acid intake on platelet function in elderly people. Thromb Res
42:499-509, 1986.
Protein:
First Class: Meat, Fish, Eggs, Cheese.
Second or Third Class: Beans, Soy, Grains, Vegetables, and Nuts.
Protein
not stored as body fat:
Amino acids (from protein) can’t be stored (as body fat) in contrast
with glucose (from carbohydrates), nor are they excreted. References:
Biochemistry, Donald Voet & Judith Voet, New York, 1999, pg. 660
& Essentials of Biochemistry, pg. 220. “amino
acids are used in the cellular structure and don’t go to excess
body-fat – in fact, carnitine (a non-essential amino acid) is
required for fat-burning.
First class protein:
Protein should come from meat, fish, eggs, and cheese: Reference:
Landmark book, “Man Alive, You’re Half Dead!”, Daniel
Munro, M.D. Bartholomew House, New York, 1950
Niacin in grains:
Most niacin in grains has low bio availability (it can’t be used
by the body). Reference: Basic Medical Biochemistry:
A Clinical Approach, pg. 16. Dawn B. Marks, Allan D. Marks, Colleen
M. Smith, Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, August, 1996, ISBN: 068305595X
Proteins
and kidney health:
Protein is good for kidneys. Reference: Basic Medical
Biochemistry: A Clinical Approach, pg. 653. Dawn B. Marks, Allan D.
Marks, Colleen M. Smith, Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, August,
1996, ISBN: 068305595X
Protein
is fine for your kidneys. Glutamine, which is protein derived removes
toxic ammonia from your blood to protect you. It converts the ammonia
to urea, which is excreted through your urine. References:
Protein Power, Michael Eads, M.D., and Mary Eades, M.D., Bantam Books,
New York, 1996. Pg 188.
References: Basic Medical Biochemistry: A Clinical Approach, pg.
653. Dawn B. Marks, Allan D. Marks, Colleen M. Smith, Lippincott, Williams
& Wilkins, August, 1996, ISBN: 068305595X
Protein and diabetes:
In a Type 1 Diabetic (see Diabetes:) high
blood sugar levels cause proteins to be surrounded by glucose molecules.
This is called Glycosylation. This causes abnormal protein spillover
in to the urine. Normally blood proteins are repelled by the kidneys
pores and don’t overflow into the urine. Also, these are blood
proteins, which have nothing to do with dietary protein. Reference:
Dr. Bernstein’s Diabetes Solution, pg. 316., Richard K. Bernstein, Little
Brown & Company, May, 1997, ISBN: 0316093440.
Protein
and bone health:
…women showed that those who ate the most meat were 68% less likely
to break a hip! Reference: Journal of Clinical Nutrition
1999;69:147-152, of 32,000
Protein helps bones heal quicker (by up to 50%). Reference:
Prevention, October 1998, page 143.
As referenced above, protein is essential for healthy, strong
bone matrix. This is also because protein transports calcium
to the bone.
Adult
protein requirements:
A 150 lb. person requires a full pound of protein per day for normal
bodily processes. References: Basic Medical Biochemistry:
A Clinical Approach, page 648. Dawn B. Marks, Allan D. Marks, Colleen
M. Smith, Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, August, 1996, ISBN: 068305595X
Children’s
Protein Requirements:
Children need one-and-a-half to two times more protein per pound of
body weight than adults--and babies need three times more!
Protein used by body:
Following the ingestion of a high protein meal 60%-70% of protein eaten
is used to fuel energy of digestion, only 30%-40% is left for body structure
— like muscles — and system function — like enzyme
production. References: Biochemistry, Donald Voet
& Judith Voet, New York, 1999, pg. 660.
Most beneficial nutritional substances must be coupled with a protein
or amino acid to enter our body's cells. Reference:
The Physiology Coloring Book, plate 75.
